The molecular formula of a compound represents the exact number and type of atoms present in a molecule of the compound. It is derived from the empirical formula by determining the actual number of atoms of each element in the molecule, based on its molar mass.
Here is a list of common inorganic compounds and their molecular formulas:
1. Acids
Compound Name
Molecular Formula
Hydrochloric acid
HCl
Sulfuric acid
H₂SO₄
Nitric acid
HNO₃
Phosphoric acid
H₃PO₄
Acetic acid (weak acid)
CH₃COOH
2. Bases
Compound Name
Molecular Formula
Sodium hydroxide
NaOH
Potassium hydroxide
KOH
Calcium hydroxide
Ca(OH)₂
Ammonium hydroxide
NH₄OH
Magnesium hydroxide
Mg(OH)₂
3. Salts
Compound Name
Molecular Formula
Sodium chloride
NaCl
Potassium nitrate
KNO₃
Calcium carbonate
CaCO₃
Magnesium sulfate
MgSO₄
Ammonium chloride
NH₄Cl
4. Oxides
Compound Name
Molecular Formula
Water (Dihydrogen monoxide)
H₂O
Carbon dioxide
CO₂
Sulfur dioxide
SO₂
Nitrogen dioxide
NO₂
Aluminum oxide
Al₂O₃
5. Simple Gases
Compound Name
Molecular Formula
Hydrogen gas
H₂
Oxygen gas
O₂
Nitrogen gas
N₂
Ammonia
NH₃
Methane
CH₄
6. Miscellaneous Inorganic Compounds
Compound Name
Molecular Formula
Hydrogen peroxide
H₂O₂
Sodium bicarbonate
NaHCO₃
Calcium sulfate (Gypsum)
CaSO₄·2H₂O
Silicon dioxide (Quartz)
SiO₂
Phosphorus pentoxide
P₂O₅
List of Cations – Monovalent, divalent, tri and polyvalent
Here’s a categorized list of common cations based on their valency:
Monovalent Cations (Charge: +1)
Cation
Symbol
Hydrogen
H⁺
Sodium
Na⁺
Potassium
K⁺
Lithium
Li⁺
Silver
Ag⁺
Ammonium
NH₄⁺
Copper(I) (Cuprous)
Cu⁺
Divalent Cations (Charge: +2)
Cation
Symbol
Magnesium
Mg²⁺
Calcium
Ca²⁺
Strontium
Sr²⁺
Barium
Ba²⁺
Zinc
Zn²⁺
Copper(II) (Cupric)
Cu²⁺
Iron(II) (Ferrous)
Fe²⁺
Lead(II) (Plumbous)
Pb²⁺
Mercury(I) (Mercurous)
Hg₂²⁺
Mercury(II) (Mercuric)
Hg²⁺
Trivalent Cations (Charge: +3)
Cation
Symbol
Aluminum
Al³⁺
Iron(III) (Ferric)
Fe³⁺
Chromium(III)
Cr³⁺
Cobalt(III)
Co³⁺
Gold(III) (Auric)
Au³⁺
Tetravalent Cations (Charge: +4)
Cation
Symbol
Lead(IV) (Plumbic)
Pb⁴⁺
Tin(IV) (Stannic)
Sn⁴⁺
Titanium(IV)
Ti⁴⁺
Polyvalent Cations (Multiple Valencies)
Cation
Symbols
Iron
Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺
Copper
Cu⁺, Cu²⁺
Chromium
Cr²⁺, Cr³⁺
Manganese
Mn²⁺, Mn³⁺
Mercury
Hg₂²⁺ (I), Hg²⁺ (II)
Tin
Sn²⁺, Sn⁴⁺
Lead
Pb²⁺, Pb⁴⁺
List of anions
Here’s a categorized list of common anions based on their valency:
Monovalent Anions (Charge: -1)
Anion
Symbol
Fluoride
F⁻
Chloride
Cl⁻
Bromide
Br⁻
Iodide
I⁻
Hydroxide
OH⁻
Nitrate
NO₃⁻
Nitrite
NO₂⁻
Bicarbonate
HCO₃⁻
Cyanide
CN⁻
Perchlorate
ClO₄⁻
Hypochlorite
ClO⁻
Divalent Anions (Charge: -2)
Anion
Symbol
Oxide
O²⁻
Sulfide
S²⁻
Carbonate
CO₃²⁻
Sulfate
SO₄²⁻
Sulfite
SO₃²⁻
Chromate
CrO₄²⁻
Dichromate
Cr₂O₇²⁻
Peroxide
O₂²⁻
Silicate
SiO₄²⁻
Trivalent Anions (Charge: -3)
Anion
Symbol
Phosphate
PO₄³⁻
Phosphite
PO₃³⁻
Borate
BO₃³⁻
Arsenate
AsO₄³⁻
Polyvalent Anions (Multiple Charges)
Anion
Symbols
Hydrogen phosphate
HPO₄²⁻, PO₄³⁻
Dihydrogen phosphate
H₂PO₄⁻
Thiosulfate
S₂O₃²⁻
Polyphosphate
(PO₃)⁴⁻
Polyatomic anions with variable oxidation states
Examples: ClO⁻, ClO₂⁻, ClO₃⁻, ClO₄⁻
Miscellaneous and Complex Anions
Anion
Symbol
Acetate
CH₃COO⁻
Oxalate
C₂O₄²⁻
Thiocyanate
SCN⁻
Tetraborate
B₄O₇²⁻
Hexacyanoferrate(II)
[Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻
Hexacyanoferrate(III)
[Fe(CN)₆]³⁻
Common Oxidation States Here is the content extracted from the image:
